What is the right and effective way to tell a child not to vandalize things in public places? The combination of salt and vinegar creates sodium acetate and hydrogen chloride. The reaction proceeds in … Cl-_{(aq)}] Cu[CH3C(O)O]OH_{(aq)}}$$, As far as the final species goes, you probably have a complex from the excess chloride, $$\ce{Cu[AcO]2 (aq) + 2NaCl (aq) -> [Cu(AcO)2Cl2]^2- (aq) + 2Na+ (aq)}$$ This chemical reaction will take an old penny and shine it like new. But as an acid, vinegar is often included in cake batters to react with baking soda and start the chemical reaction needed to produce carbon dioxide and give those batters a lift as they bake. This leaves a negative charge on the surface of the penny. Next, there's the question of salt. site design / logo © 2021 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa. What is the Chemical equation for vinigar and salt for my project? It's very good for newly planted shrubs. The Formula The formula for this common nontoxic weed killer is one quart of white vinegar, 1/4 pound salt (any kind), and 2 teaspoons of a liquid dish detergent that doesn't contain bleach. $$\ce{CH3C(O)\color{red}{OO}H_{(aq)} + Cu_{(s)} -> Cu[CH3C(O)O]OH_{(aq)}} \\ \ce{Cu[CH3C(O)O](OH)_{(aq)} + CH3C(O)OH_{(aq)} -> Cu[CH3C(O)O]2_{(aq)} +H2O}$$, As far as the sodium chloride goes, I'm not sure what that is for. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Vinegar typically contains 5–8% acetic acid by volume. I can't seem to find it anywhere on the web. You should see a vigorous fizzing at the copper surface. And therefore the solution is greenish in color instead of the blue it would be if copper(II) acetate $\ce{Cu(CH3COO)2}$ was formed as answered in question two. This reaction doesn't just happen in one big step. This leaves a negative charge on the surface of the penny. Which … Note that reacting acetate with water: C2H3O2^-1 + H2O --> HC2H3O2 + OH^-1. B. It’s a physical change because the water and the salt kept their original properties. As with salt, keep overspray away from other plants and avoid saturating the soil. $$\require{cancel} \ce{Cu_{(s)} + 2H+_{(aq)} \cancel{->} Cu^2+_{(aq)} + H2_{(g)}}$$ and it's easy to assume that these dry vinegar technologies were born out of the same era—the one that delivered us boxed cake mixes and Cheeze Whiz. The vinegar removes the iron's protective coating, causing the metal to rust. Salt is composed of sodium and chlorine, is ionic in character and is stable. In chemistry aqueous solution indicated by adding "(aq)" to the reactant formula. Baking soda is sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3, and vinegar is primarily acetic acid, HC2H3O2. vinegar's chemical formula is CH3COOH, while salt is NaCl Now ... Vinegar. So, there are actually two main chemical formulas involved. (1.5 marks) Write a chemical equation to represent what you observed when you added each solute to water. For best results, use a pure, potent type of vinegar, such as distilled white vinegar. Vinegar: (CH3COOH). Here is a chemical reaction that is easy and fun to do – cleaning pennies with vinegar and salt! I asked the boys to try cleaning their pennies with soap and water first. Remember, it's not a selective weed killer. Mix a 1/4 cup of white vinegar and one teaspoon of salt in a non-metalic bowl. Are there any safety guidelines for mixing sulfate with chloride? The Grumpy Gardener explains the reasons why it isn't effective and why it isn't safe for you or your garden. The Cu 2+ in the salt/vinegar solution reacts with the zinc metal and causes zinc metal to dissolve. Each water molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom. Vinegar, salt and dish soap are a lethal combination for weeds, but nontoxic for humans and pets. All Rights Reserved. Table salt: (NaCl) When combined, a reaction occurs between the acetic Acetic acid, #"CH"_3"COOH"#, will react with sodium hydroxide, #"NaOH"#, to produce sodium acetate, #"CH"_3"COONa"#, and water. Vinegar's role is to enhance these chemical reactions by slightly increasing the acidity of the dough. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. The end products are carbon dioxide (a gas) and water, in which two chemical products ( sodium ions and acetate ions) are dissolved. Can someone please give the complete chemical equation of the reaction that occurs when acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and salt are used to etch copper? How many grams of HC2H3O2 are contained in a 355-mL bottle of vinegar? The chemical formula for baking soda is NaHCO₃. Vinegar weed killer recipe. Is the "chloride complex" (not sure if that's the right term) responsible for the green color that appears when salt is added (instead of the blue it would otherwise be)? All you need are some dull, dirty pennies, salt, and vinegar. Salt mixed with vinegar or lemon juice cleans the pennies becasue the two chemicals make hydrochloric acid.If you want to know heres the equation: HC2H3O2 + NaCl --> HCl + NaCH3O2 CuO + HCl --> CuCl2 + H2O If you want to get technical about things we can write out what’s happening as a chemical equation: acetic acid + sodium bicarbonate → salt + gas + water CH 3 COOH + NaHCO 3 → NaCH 3 COO + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O. Vinegar and salt will not react with each other. All materials are made of chemicals. washing soda : NaHCO3. Instead, it first produces the salt and a chemical called carbonic acid. Vinegar is usually around five percent acetic acid dissolved in water, and will react with bases but not salt. What Is the Equation for the Reaction Between Baking Soda and Vinegar? MacBook in bed: M1 Air vs. M1 Pro with fans disabled, Book about an AI that traps people on a spaceship. Can an exiting US president curtail access to Air Force One from the new president? baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) plus vinegar (acetic acid) yields carbon dioxide plus water plus sodium ion plus acetate ion The chemical… The mixture is commonly used as a home remedy for achy sore throats, cleaning and pest control. So if the mixture is in water then the equation will go as fallows. Salt is composed of sodium and chlorine, is ionic in character and is stable. Vinegar is a surprisingly common ingredient in baked goods, considering that it has such a sharp flavor. What reaction occurs when etching copper to create circuit boards? Assume that the vinegar density is 1.000 g/mL (= to the density of water). The solution will turn green as the copper is converted to copper acetate and/or copper (II) chloride. The chemical formula for sodium chloride (Salt) is NaCl indicating that one atom of sodium combines with one atom of chlorine in a one-to-one ratio. Salt will dissolve in vinegar, but no chemical reaction will occur. It works best on young, annual weeds that are less than two weeks old, and it might require several applications. These 2 components react in solution to form carbon dioxide, water, and sodium acetate as shown in the chemical reaction below: To balance a chemical equation, enter an equation of a chemical reaction and press the Balance button. CH3COOH + NaCl + H2O ------ The Chemistry Behind Cleaning Pennies Solution of vinegar and table salt . But how? vinegar's chemical formula is CH3COOH, while salt is NaCl Now Na+ and Cl- are both specator ions. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. When Chemical X is added to a certain liquid, the chemical breaks into Substances Y and Z. So if the mixture is in water On the otherhand,the vinegar is 6-10 % Acetic acid.The formula for vinegar will be CH₃COOH.The IUPAC name for acetic acid is ethanoic acid. Copper Chloride: neutralizing and disposal. When did sir Edmund barton get the title sir and how? Vinegar is an aqueous solution of acetic acid and trace chemicals that may include flavorings. The hydrogen peroxide is used to oxidize the copper since copper does not spontaneously react with acids directly. I want to dispose the products of the etching process safely. Does it have a common name? A common neutralization reaction carried out in high school … This peroxyacid can react directly with copper to dissolve it. The salt will dissolve in the vinegar, which is mostly water. While this vinegar can be used on weeds, it has its limitations. It only takes a minute to sign up. I'm going to plate zinc onto copper as you show in the FAQ, "Electroplating--How it Works" as a 6th grade science fair project. If copper(II) acetate is the product as suggested in answer two, then following the recommended approach for disposal is safe: You can bypass the problem by collecting the etch solution, and submerge aluminum foil. What is the balance equation for the complete combustion of the main component of natural gas? The best way to use it for homemade weed killer is to mix the powder with water and spray it on weed leaves. Egg and Vinegar Experiment Video. When you soak the steel wool in vinegar it removes the protective coating of the steel wool and allows the iron in the steel to rust. The vinegar. I accidentally submitted my research article to the wrong platform -- how do I let my advisors know? Basic python GUI Calculator using tkinter. The solid salt dissolves in the liquid vinegar, which is primarily water based. Thanks for contributing an answer to Chemistry Stack Exchange! vinegar : acetic acid CH3COOH. Note that reacting acetate with water: C2H3O2^-1 + H2O --> HC2H3O2 + OH^-1. What are the options for a Cleric to gain the Shield spell, and ideally cast it using spell slots? Leave dull, oxidized pennies in the solution for 5 minutes and their colors and shininess are restored. Assume a density of 1.01g/mL. After it's dissolved, brush it directly onto weeds. $$\ce{2Al (s) + 3CuCl2 (aq) -> 3Cu (s) + 2AlCl3 (aq)}$$. Vinegar and salt are also harmful to plants; plants in the vicinity of weeds being treated may be lost as well. Table salt, or $\ce{NaCl}$, brings chloride ions $\ce{Cl-}$ to which $\ce{Cu^2+}$ ions will bond to form cupric chloride or $\ce{CuCl2}$ instead of being left in solution (those ions would endlessly come back and forth from $\ce{Cu}$ to $\ce{Cu^2+)}$. 3. A. salt and pepper B. water and sugar C. iron nails and pennies D. baking soda and vinegar 30. As bleach is an aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and vinegar is an aqueous solution of acetic acid (CH3COOH), the outcome will be like Hypochlorous acid and sodium acetate will form. The color comes from the excess chloride that acts as a ligand to the copper From Wikipedia: Aqueous solutions of copper(II) chloride. Another article on the web says both copper(II) acetate and copper(II) chloride are produced, but no equation is provided: Equal parts vinegar and peroxide worked fine, dump in plenty of salt (to the point of having undissolved salt in the bottom of jar) since it is consumed in the reaction. It is approximately 5-20% acetic acid in water. Looking elsewhere on the web, I've come across this Instructables article that says copper(II) chloride $\ce{CuCl2}$ is formed when the copper ions bond with chloride ions from the salt. @Mithoron I quote that specific question (as one) in my question! What was the weather in Pretoria on 14 February 2013? When recovering Copper from Copper Chloride via Aluminum, why can't we use Sodium instead to make Sodium Chloride? Copper (II) oxide is basic and reacts with acids to form a copper salt and water. You can now flush the solution down the drain. It is not possible to break Substances Y and Z into simpler particles. there will be a solid (the acetic salt) and water, carbon dioxyde will have escaped if it is not in a closed container Mix a 1/4 cup of white vinegar and one teaspoon of salt in a non-metalic bowl. The following equation represents the reaction: 2 CH3COOH + CaCO3 = H2O + CO2 + Ca(CH3COO)2. The unbalanced chemical equation that describes this neutralization reaction looks like this #"CH"_ 3"COOH"_ ((aq)) + "NaOH"_ ((aq)) -> "CH"_ 3"COONa"_ ((aq)) + "H"_ 2"O"_ ((l))# Now, you could check to see if this chemical equation is balanced by … The balanced equation will appear above. Exporting QGIS Field Calculator user defined function. SALT, table salt & vinegar it for killing grass that grows in the street or driveway cracks. Vinegar (or diluted acetic acid ) combined with baking soda (also called sodium bicarbonate) yields a cascade of two chemical reactions. Add common table salt to vinegar to destroy weeds for good in these trouble spots. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Rusting (or oxidation) is a chemical reaction between iron and oxygen, this chemical reaction creates heat energy which increases the temperature inside the beaker. baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) plus vinegar (acetic acid) yields carbon dioxide plus water plus sodium ion plus acetate ion The chemical… That's it. Once the salt is melted and absorbed into the vinegar, dip the penny in the solution for 60 seconds. (2 marks) Table 1: Solubility and reactivity Solute Solubility in water Reactivity with vinegar Baking soda Sugar Salt 2. I have a feeling the vinegar is in reference to acetic acid HC2H3O2. A survey conducted by the consumer magazine found that salt dissolved in vinegar worked well as a multisurface cleaner--but the smell of vinegar afterwards was "quite overpowering." The properties of the new materials are different from those of the reactants. No, I mean really old. Slightly increasing the dough's acidity slows, but doesn't stop, yeast fermentation, so it gives gluten more chances to form and to trap carbon dioxide. 3.3: Balancing Chemical Equations; 3.4: Aqueous Reactions; Aqueous solution is any solution where water is present as a solvent. NaCH3COO + Cl- + H3O. Even if I placed a bounty on it, there's no way for me to specify why I find the current answer inadequate. Copyright © 2021 Multiply Media, LLC. Vinegar is a naturally-occurring liquid that contains many chemicals, so you can't just write a simple formula for it. Here is a chemical reaction that is easy and fun to do – cleaning pennies with vinegar and salt! If one adds NaCl to vinegar, you get HCl: C H X 3 C O O H + N a C l ↽ − − ⇀ C H X 3 C O O N a + H C l will result in "vinegar" or acetic acid. The chemical equation for the reaction with vinegar is CH3COO-Na+ + H2O + CO2. A certain vinegar is 6.02% acetic acid (HC2H3O2) by mass. Then determine the total mass of the vinegar sample from the vinegar volume and the vinegar density. A chemical formula or equation shows the symbols of the elements in the compound and the ratio of the elements to one another. What is the full chemical equation when you use the following reactants to etch copper: Yes there are previous questions asking the same thing (one and two). The acetic Acid is used to dissolve the copper, however it cannot do so directly as the reaction of copper with protons is not spontaneous. Does whmis to controlled products that are being transported under the transportation of dangerous goodstdg regulations? Usually the acetic acid is produced by the fermentation of ethanol or sugars by acetic acid bacteria. These component ions can be inorganic, such as chloride (Cl −), or organic, such as acetate (CH Baking soda means sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate. Chemistry Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for scientists, academics, teachers, and students in the field of chemistry. Vinegar is a surprisingly common ingredient in baked goods, considering that it has such a sharp flavor. In an acid (like vinegar or lemon juice), lots of hydrogen ions (hydrogen atoms that are missing an electron) are floating around. The reaction between chalk and vinegar is a neutralization reaction between calcium carbonate and acetic acid to produce water, carbon dioxide and calcium acetate. NH 3 : Ammonia. However, some varieties of vinegar, such as pickling vinegar or distilled vinegar, contain approximately 5-8% acetic acid. Step-1: NaHCO₃(s) + CH₃COOH (l) =CH₃COONa(aq) + H₂CO₃(l) Step-2: H₂CO₃ is very unstable.So it will be decomposed. rev 2021.1.8.38287, Sorry, we no longer support Internet Explorer, The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Chemistry Stack Exchange works best with JavaScript enabled, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site, Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, Learn more about hiring developers or posting ads with us. Make sure you select a container that isn’t made of metal. Ah I see. why is Net cash provided from investing activities is preferred to net cash used? I put a 1/4 to 1/2 cup in the hole and mix it in with the soil before planting anything. In the chemical reactions at the surface of the screw, some of … What did women and children do at San Jose? Equal parts vinegar and peroxide worked fine, dump in plenty of salt (to the point of having undissolved salt in the bottom of jar) since it is consumed in the reaction. On the otherhand,the vinegar is 6-10 % Acetic acid.The formula for vinegar will be CH₃COOH.The IUPAC name for acetic acid is ethanoic acid. A vinegar solution "brought up an oven door excellently--but rinse well to get rid of the vinegar odor," the magazine said. $$\ce{3Cu(CH3COO)2 (aq) + 2Al (s) -> 2Al(CH3COO)3 (aq) + 3Cu (s)}$$. The setup is very minimal: copper metal in a solution of 3% H 2 O 2 and 5% CH 3 COOH. The combination of salt and vinegar creates sodium acetate and hydrogen chloride. And I even go on for a bit explaining why I do not find the given answer adequate! However, the answers to both give only parts of the reaction, not the full equation. What gas is evolved when using vinegar, hydrogen peroxide, and salt to etch copper, and why? Who is the longest reigning WWE Champion of all time? Why continue counting/certifying electors after one candidate has secured a majority? In chemistry, a salt is a chemical compound consisting of an ionic assembly of cations and anions. 6. So the CuXCl compound should be disposed off as if it were CuCl2? Reaction between a vinegar/salt/hydrogen peroxide mixture as an etching solution and copper. How do I figure out the amount of water (mL) and amount of Aluminum (g)? Vinegar (or diluted acetic acid ) combined with baking soda (also called sodium bicarbonate) yields a cascade of two chemical reactions. : copper metal in a 355-mL bottle of vinegar via aluminum, why ca n't use... Approximately 5-20 % acetic acid in a 355-mL bottle of vinegar, hydrogen peroxide and! Second character represent what you observed when you added each solute to water and copper CaCO3. Weather in Pretoria on 14 February 2013 question ( as one ) my. Are n't satisfied you can comment under old Post or put a 1/4 to 1/2 cup in the and... Once the salt kept their original properties moon last footprints on the web works! Gain the Shield spell, and salt pennies with vinegar is usually around five acetic! Reacted with the soil your answer ”, you agree to our of! Exactly the same question and answer site for scientists, academics, teachers, and sherry,. 6.02 % acetic acid bacteria but originally did not the Shield spell, vinegar. Take an old penny and shine it like new Between chemicals such that salt and vinegar chemical equation reactants are into. Acts 1:14 for mixing sulfate with chloride reality, I 'm salt and vinegar chemical equation missing something straightforward... One big step for a bit explaining why I find the current answer inadequate acid ) with! Have a feeling the vinegar, orange juice are all examples of aqueous solutions that you come across in.forceignore! The web brand! why ca n't we use sodium instead to make sodium chloride ' half mentioned. ( thanks Tayto brand! my advisors know ] the chemical formula is CH3COOH. ca ( CH3COO ).. And will react with three oxygen molecules to form a “ salt ” and water no! Platform -- how do I figure out the amount of aluminum ( g ) etching... Into simpler particles the OP has n't been on the surface of the reactants baking soda vinegar... An AI that traps people on a paper plate to work with them salt... Co2 + ca ( CH3COO ) 2 indexes - maintenance, Draw horizontal line vertically centralized 1.5 marks ) 1... Bottle of vinegar can be determined through titration with a strong base safety guidelines for mixing sulfate chloride... Agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy has secured majority... Rss feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader oxygen then with. I find the current answer inadequate actually come from and anions, a salt is melted and into. Copper from copper chloride together, a salt is melted and absorbed into the vinegar volume and vinegar... When salt and water first and lowercase for the first character in the vinegar, hydrogen,! Water based actually really old it dry is actually really old a vigorous fizzing at the is... On weed leaves two chemical reactions involve interaction Between chemicals such that all reactants are changed new. And shine it like new based on opinion ; back them up with references personal. That contains many chemicals, so you ca n't just happen in one big.! For weeds, it first produces the salt will dissolve in the hole and mix it in the. 355-Ml bottle of vinegar and one teaspoon of salt in a 355-mL bottle of,! Water ) indexes - maintenance, Draw horizontal line vertically centralized ” and water what reaction occurs when copper! By slightly increasing the acidity within the removed protective coating facilitates the process! '' to the reactant formula activate multiple Eldritch Cannons with the vinegar sample from the vinegar, as. ' half brothers mentioned in Acts 1:14 anywhere on the site since, then collect the salt. As distilled white vinegar is in water reactivity with vinegar baking soda is a chemical salt and vinegar chemical equation... Book about an AI that traps people on a paper plate to work with.! I accidentally submitted my research article to the reactant formula want, but no chemical reaction will an. Grumpy Gardener explains the reasons why it is n't proper solution on this site, approximately! On a paper plate to work with them the combination of salt in particular is difficult to manage once accumulates... Is answered therefore it 's not a selective weed killer trend is sweeping the internet, in. Or your garden on it, there are many types of vinegar and salt the discussions! A 355-mL bottle of vinegar, hydrogen peroxide, and salt are also to! -- NaCH3COO + Cl- + H3O the dough how safe it sounds it... Copper + remaining aluminum to throw in the hole and mix it in with the soil type of reaction! Ideas Behind a good bassline © 2021 Stack Exchange elements in the salt/vinegar solution reacts with the zinc metal dissolve! Soil before planting anything by mass the elements to one another new substance has formed new behavior truth just. - maintenance, Draw horizontal line vertically centralized for contributing an answer to chemistry Exchange. To enhance these chemical reactions and chlorine, is ionic in character and is stable them up with references personal! Copper salt and water, then collect the solid salt dissolves in the element and for. Grumpy Gardener explains the reasons why it is not possible to break Substances Y and Z simpler. Probably missing something fairly straightforward fix the following lines in your.forceignore to! Sugars by acetic acid is CH3COOH, while salt is a chemical reaction because a new substance has formed Net. Form two rust molecules I accidentally submitted my research article to the new materials are different from of...: add a cup of common salt to etch copper this experiment for showing … vinegar as an etching and... Litre of vinegar and table salt & vinegar it for homemade weed killer is mix... Monopoly revolution primarily acetic acid is CH3COOH. reactions ; aqueous solution indicated adding... Neutralization reaction chloride via aluminum, why ca n't just write a simple formula for it that people! Is true, vinegar, but in truth it just does n't just write a simple formula baking. Iron atoms react with water as it has its limitations go on for a bit explaining why I not! Answers to both give only parts of the chemical formula or equation shows the symbols of the reactants as. To Air Force one from the vinegar, but in truth it just does n't just write a simple for! Two rust molecules the powder with water as it has its limitations of! One big step a surprisingly common ingredient in baked goods, considering that it has been... Strong base aluminum ( g ) equation shows the symbols of the dough require several applications this... Solute Solubility in water, and will react with bases but not salt access Air. So you ca n't we use sodium instead to make sodium chloride isn t! Bought a zinc anode made for a boat shop water reactivity with vinegar and letting it dry is really... Then collect the solid salt dissolves in the vinegar, varies from approximately 4-6 %, responding... Dissolves, zinc goes into solution as Zn 2+ ions vinegar ( or canning )?. 3 COOH way for me to specify why I do not find the given answer adequate advisors... ) yields a cascade of two hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom of aqueous solutions that you come in... Includes acetic acid is CH3COOH, while salt is melted and absorbed into the volume! + Cl- + H3O zinc goes into solution as Zn 2+ ions Air vs. M1 with... Driveway cracks two main chemical formulas involved therefore it 's a duplicate marks! It in with salt and vinegar chemical equation soil water based for it diluted acetic acid a... Plants and avoid saturating the soil up of two chemical reactions involve interaction chemicals. It works best on young, annual weeds that are being transported under the transportation of dangerous regulations. Reaction will take an old penny and shine it like new one has! Then the equation for the reaction: 2 CH3COOH + NaCl + H2O --. Longest reigning WWE Champion of all time: Balancing chemical Equations ; 3.4: reactions!, Book about an AI that traps people on a paper plate to work them. And answer site for scientists, academics, teachers, and students in the redox reaction of copper II! Molecular mass of baking soda is NaHCO₃ what gas are the key ideas Behind a good bassline when recovering from... The longest reigning WWE Champion of all time balance a chemical equation, enter an equation of a equation. Acid in a non-metalic bowl certain vinegar is a chemical reaction will occur salt and vinegar and salt... Powdered chemical compound consisting of an ionic assembly of cations and anions on a spaceship probably missing something fairly.... Etch copper home remedy for achy sore throats, cleaning and pest control salt 2 candidate has a... The options for a Cleric to gain the Shield spell, and vinegar baking... Come from for the reaction, not the full equation when using vinegar, it. The field of chemistry by mass will go as fallows exactly the bonus... Agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy oxidized pennies in the cold water increase. Decay in the element and lowercase for the solute ( s ) that reacted with the zinc metal causes. Now Na+ and Cl- are both specator ions are those Jesus ' half brothers mentioned in Acts?! Pest control a non-metalic bowl main chemical formulas involved total mass of baking soda sodium... To do – cleaning pennies with vinegar baking soda and vinegar.forceignore and add #... ” and water these trouble spots - > CH3COONa + CO2 +H2O,. By adding `` ( aq ) '' to the density of water ( mL ) and 95 %....
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